Practical writing
from the field.

AI penetration testing covers an attack surface a standard pentest was never built for. See what it tests, how it works, and how it differs from red teaming.

AI red teaming simulates a determined adversary against your models, agents, and guardrails. See how it differs from a pentest and how to run it well.

When AI can take actions, a manipulated model becomes a manipulated actor. See why agentic AI is a new attack surface and how to secure your agents.

The NIST AI RMF is the leading voluntary framework for managing AI risk. See its four core functions and how to use it alongside the EU AI Act and ISO 42001.

AI governance is how an organization controls the AI it builds and uses. See what it covers, the documentation it requires, and a practical way to start.

The EU AI Act is the first comprehensive law on artificial intelligence. See how its risk tiers work, what high-risk providers must do, and the timeline.

The Model Context Protocol connects AI models to tools and data, and that link is a new attack surface. See the risks it adds and how to secure it.

Retrieval-augmented generation gives models access to your data, and that data joins the attack surface. See how RAG gets attacked and how to secure it.

Data poisoning corrupts what an AI system learns or retrieves, so it fails in ways the attacker chooses. See how these attacks work and how to defend.

A jailbreak makes a model do what its safety controls were meant to prevent. See how LLM jailbreaks work, how they differ from injection, and the defenses.

The OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications is the reference list of the most critical AI application risks. See what each of the ten risks means and how to fix it.

ISO 42001 is the first certifiable standard for an AI management system, the AI equivalent of ISO 27001. See what it covers and how it fits the EU AI Act.

Shadow AI is the unsanctioned use of AI tools by employees, and a fast-growing data risk. See why it happens and how to manage the risk it creates.

Deepfake fraud uses AI-generated voice and video to impersonate executives and authorize payments. See how the attacks work and how to defend your business.

A virtual CISO gives you senior security leadership on a fractional basis. See what the role covers, how it differs from a full-time CISO, and when it fits.

NIS2 raises the cybersecurity baseline across 18 EU sectors and holds management personally accountable. See who it covers, what it demands, and what to do.

Most pentest quotes land between a few thousand and low six figures. What matters is what sits behind it: scope, seniority, and whether anyone breaks in.

A penetration test is a person trying to break into your systems on purpose, under rules you set. See what the types cover and what you get at the end.

The brief is the same everywhere; the work is not. See how to tell a real offensive team from a scan with an invoice, and the questions to put in your RFP.

Three things get sold as testing, and they are not the same. See what PTaaS, a pentest, and a scan each find, what they miss, and how to combine them.

VAPT bundles two jobs: a broad sweep for known weaknesses and a deep test that proves which ones matter. See how each works and why they belong together.

Your web app is the front door to your data, and scanners only rattle the handle. See what real web app testing covers, what tools miss, and how to scope it.

APIs are the new perimeter, and they fail differently from web pages. See what API security testing covers and why authorization is at the heart of it.

Cloud breaches rarely start with a clever exploit. They start with a permission nobody walked back. See what a cloud assessment covers and where risk hides.

External testing asks how someone gets in; internal testing asks how far they get. See what network penetration testing covers and why assume-breach matters.

You cannot defend what you do not know you own. EASM continuously finds your internet-facing assets, including the ones no one remembers, before attackers do.

MDR is a team that watches your environment, decides what is real, and acts when it matters. See how it differs from SIEM, MSSP, and EDR, and when to buy it.

A SOC is the team and tech that watch your environment around the clock and triage what matters. See the roles a SOC needs and when to build one in-house.

SIEM, EDR, and XDR are detection tools that get confused constantly. See what each one does, how they differ, and how they fit together as one defense.

A plan you write for the first time during an attack is worthless. See how to build an incident response plan, the phases it covers, and how to rehearse it.

A risk assessment is the foundation of a serious security program; without it you invest at random. See how to run one step by step and turn it into a plan.

A risk assessment tells you where you are exposed. Risk management is what you do about it. See how to run risk as a continuous process, not a one-off doc.

When a system goes down, the question is how fast you recover. See what a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan are, and how to build each.

Your security is only as strong as your vendors' security. See why third-party risk keeps growing and how to manage it before a partner's weakness is yours.

An ISMS turns security from a pile of tools into a system you can actually manage. See what an ISMS is, what it rests on, and why ISO 27001 is built on it.

Annex A is the catalog of security controls ISO 27001 relies on. See how it splits into four themes, what the controls cover, and how to choose yours.

The Statement of Applicability is a core ISO 27001 document. See what the SoA contains, why auditors check it first, and how to produce one correctly.

The OWASP Top 10 lists the most serious security risks in web applications. See what each category means, why it matters, and how to address it in code.

DevSecOps builds security into development from the start instead of checking it just before launch. See what it covers and how to adopt it without friction.

In industrial environments, downtime is not just an IT problem; it has physical consequences. See how OT security differs from IT and how to build it safely.

ICS and SCADA systems control physical processes, so an attack on them has real-world consequences. See what makes their security different and how to start.

IEC 62443 is the leading international framework for securing industrial and OT systems. See how it is structured, what security levels mean, and who it fits.

Red teaming goes a step beyond a pentest. It simulates a real attacker across technology, people, and physical access to test your defense, not just systems.

Ransomware encrypts your data, demands a ransom, and increasingly steals it first. See what an attack looks like, how to prevent it, and how to respond fast.

Most serious breaches start with a message, not a vulnerability. Phishing targets people, not systems. See what the attacks look like and how to stop them.

Viruses, trojans, ransomware, and spyware are different malware with one goal: compromising your systems. See how they differ, get in, and how to defend.

A DDoS attack floods a system with traffic until it goes down. Here is how it works, the main types, and how a company defends itself and prepares to respond.

Business email compromise is among the costliest attacks there is. An attacker poses as an executive or supplier and asks for a payment. See how to stop it.

Identity theft lets an attacker pose as you or one of your staff. See how it happens, what the consequences are, and how to cut the risk for you and the firm.

LLM apps add an attack surface that behaves like nothing before it, and better prompts will not save you. The controls that work live in the architecture.

DORA has applied across the EU financial sector since January 2025 and rests on five pillars. This checklist turns them into work you can assign and track.

Two EU cybersecurity rules overlap but are not identical. NIS2 is broad; DORA is the financial-sector specialist. Here is how to tell which one governs you.

ISO 27001 certifies that you manage information security as a governed, ongoing process. See what it involves, how it runs, and why security comes first.

A SOC 2 report tells customers you have security controls and follow them. See what it covers, how Type I and Type II differ, and how to get ready honestly.

Both prove you take security seriously: one a US attestation, the other a global certification. The right first move depends on who you sell to. Here is how.

Three reports, one confusing scheme. SOC 1 covers financial controls, SOC 2 security, SOC 3 public proof. See which one a customer is really asking for.

Automated scanners find only what they are told to look for, but attackers do not read the rulebook. See why a scan and a pentest are not the same thing.

A detection program that pages you for everything trains you to ignore the one alert that matters. Here is how to separate real signal from noise in MDR.

A clean SOC 2 report tells a customer you have controls. It does not tell an attacker to stay out. Here is the gap between passing an audit and being secure.

Nobody reviews the permission granted two years ago for a migration that finished a year ago. Here is why cloud IAM is the quiet risk that builds up unseen.